Investigation and prevention of child abuse Essay Example for Free

Investigation and prevention of child abuse Essay Child abuse is one of the most common human right violations in the human community. According to UNCEF reports, at least one child dies every day as a result of child abuse. Nevertheless, the exact number of child deaths as a result of chilled abuse is hindered by the fact that most cases of child deaths in the communities goes without investigation. Still, an estimated over 30, 000 child in America are put under protection registers annually (American Prosecution Research Institute 12). The world is approximated to have over 100 million abused children most of whom are from the developing nations. However, these are just but a few of child abuse cases which are reported. There are numerous types of child abuse practices in the society. They range from infant shaking, to child battering, to child negligence, to child sexual abuse (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 42). Such practices are blamed for having a negative impact on the psychological, physical, and social development of the child. The process of preventing child abuse effectively dictates for the participation of all members of the community in ensuring early identification of such problems (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 51). Creating awareness among children as well as other members of the community on the rights of children plays an instrumental role in mitigating child abuse in the community. Investigation of child abuse for legal charges involves numerous methods depending on the type and magnitude of the act. For instance, Physical sexual abuse on kids can either be self evident or call for medical procedures to qualify (Myers 46). The history of family relations plays a crucial role in child abuse investigation practices by law enforcement. This paper seeks to give a detailed discussion on the prevention and investigation of child abuse. Prevention of child abuse The realization of effective child abuse prevention entails the creation of awareness on the forms and how to identify child abuse as well as engaging efforts in mitigating risk factors to child abuse in the community (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 51). The problem of child abuse in the community is increased by lack of awareness by the public. According to available statistics for example, child sexual abuse incidences in the American society has its peak between the onset of puberty and adolescence (American Prosecution Research Institute 67). At this age, most of the victims have mental capability to identify and avoid being victims of sexual abuse. Based on this reasoning, creating adequate awareness among the child can greatly aid in mitigating child abuse practice in the community. In this pursuit, since 1983, the American nation has set April as Child Abuse Prevention Month. In addition, the government funds child-abuse prevention initiatives through its Community-Based Grants for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (CBCAP) (American Prosecution Research Institute 71). Still on awareness, society cohesion factor plays an important role in preventing child (Myers 102). Just as is the case with other forms of crime prevention practices, the local community members find much advantage in the early identification and thus controlling of child abuse in their neighborhoods. This is because; they are the ones living close to the sources of child abuse; the family unit. Therefore, encouraging communal living among members of the community is instrumental in preventing child abuse. Another common practice of preventing child abuse is enforcing zero tolerance policies on domestic violence. According to numerous research findings, it is established that families marked with couple violence have a higher prevalence of child abuse; both physically and emotionally (Myers 112). There are numerous risk factors identified for causing child abuse practices. Such include the social and economic position of the family and the local community and the effectiveness of the law enforcement and criminal justice system in addressing child abuse cases (Myers 108). It has been sufficiently claimed that poverty in the in family plays an instrumental factor in perpetuating child abuse practices such as neglect. Financial constrains in the family also serves to cause stress and depression among parent, a factor that negatively impacts on the parent-child relationship. Still, an idle mind is the devils workshop. Therefore, the sustainable prevention of child abuse dictates for resolving eminent economic problems that affecting members of the local community. Also found to influence the level of child abuse is the character and gender of the child. Statistical evidence indicates that most mentally or physically disabled children are found to be at risk of child abuse (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 61). The statistics also establish substantial evidence connecting gender classification as a clear cause of child abuse in the community. In particular, the girl child is prone to child abuse and neglect. In some countries, the girl child is rarely provided with equal education as the boy child. This is a denial of the children right to education. In addition, girls are common victims to forced marriages as well as prostitution. On the other hand, the boy child is commonly marked with forced labor. They are also the main victims of corporal punishment compared to girls. These are the reasons behind the enactment and enforcement of numerous laws mitigating practices such as child pornography and prostitution and child labor (American Prosecution Research Institute 61). Many nations across the globe including the United States have banned corporal punishment of children both in the schools and in the family. This serves the purpose of limiting inhuman punishments on children. It is worth noting that the United Nations initiative on providing basic education to all children has taken cause in many countries across the globe. This initiative is quite instrumental in influencing prevention of anti-girl child education practices in the nation as much of its emphasis is on the girl child. Such an initiative is supported by numerous community based non-governmental organization. The war on drug abuse in the community is an important tool in mitigating child abuse. According to numerous research findings, drug abuse like alcoholism is among the leading causes of domestic violence as well as child sexual abuse in the community (Myers 121). This claim has been evidently supported by the fact that drugs function in compromising the reasoning and judgmental ability of an individual. Such can also be explained by the fact that drugs enhance aggression and temper of the victim. In a move to mitigate this practice of drug abuse as a potential cause for child abuse, the American nation is found to spend billions of dollars on the war against drugs in the society. Investigation of child abuse The process of investigating child abuse is heavily dependent on the availability of claimed evidence of physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse. According to the available legal provisions; some forms of child abuse such as child labor neglect, and failure to provide education as well as some forms physical abuse of are self evident (Myers 132). Therefore, the investigation of such practices is mainly based on reported evidence rather than dictating for medical procedures. Also commonly involved in the investigation practices is identifying the history of a child abuse problem. According to psychological principles, human problems such as emotional stress and depression are a direct result of long term abuse in children. Based on this, the period over which such abuse on a particular child should be provided as qualifying evidence against the defendants charged with child abuse (Myers 136). As per the requirements of the law, this evidence can be self proclaimed by the victim, given by a member of the local community or from a doctor. The doctor should conduct an extensive diagnosis on the subject matter to give admissible evidence. Such might cover but not limited to the extent of physical or emotional damage impacted on the child. However, the laws protecting children against abuse prohibit against even the slightest form of action against a child that can compromise their social, emotional, academic and physical development. Conclusion Despite the numerous efforts by governments and other community-based non-governmental organizations, child abuse remains a major problem in the global community. There are various causes of child abuse in the community. Such include; domestic violence, cultural beliefs, economic status, and social practices in the community. The problem is further complicated by failure by the victims or members of the community to reports such cases to the relevant authorities for legal action against the perpetrators. Therefore, effective child abuse prevention strategies must take into account the need for creating public awareness on the problem. It should also devote much emphasis on resolving the main social and economic factors which promote child abuse. It is only through consulted cooperation among all stakeholders in the community that the war against child abuse can be successful.

Hydroponics :: essays research papers

Hydroponics Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NAME HERE and I became fascinated by hydroponics and the idea that one doesn't have to get their hands dirty to be a great gardener, and if your like us that's a good thing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of hydroponics has been around since the pyramids where build, but in all these years it never seemed to catch on. It took about forty-six hundred years before the first scientist took a look at hydroponics and adapted it to grow crops, this was a professor at the University of California, and the result was a 25 foot tomato plant that had to be harvest by a ladder. Thus hydroponics was reborn and has been advancing ever since. Yet up to 5 years ago the home grower and generally the public didn't know about hydroponics. It was only being used by commercial growers. But now it has caught on, and resulted in this experiment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When thinking about hydroponics one must think about the applications of hydroponics. Not only dose hydroponics produce bigger, better, and more healthier plants than the traditional dirt, but it can also be greatly beneficial on things like submarines, space stations, off-shore oil rigs, or any where else where dirt is hard to come by.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this experiment we'll be looking for which plant life well do best with hydroponics, by measuring which plant has grown the highest or bushiest. We also well be looking for green and healthy looking leaves on the plants. We have no idea what the results might be, so this should be an exciting experiment. Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Which form of plant life will thrive the most in a hydroponics enrichment. Will it be Tomatoes our fruit, Peas our vegetable, Tinkerbell flowers, or Beans a legume?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First we selected a suitable PVC pipe and cut it into a 4 foot long piece. Next we cut four holes into the pipe with a jigsaw. After that we drilled two holes for the brass tee's to fit into. Next we glued on the two caps. After that we drilled two holes, one for the bucket to rest on, and the other for the plastic hose to go into. Then we glued the 20mm pipe into one of the holes. After that we cut our 4 inch PVC pipe and glued the cap to it. Then we drilled two holes into the pipe, and inserted two brass nosles into the holes we just drilled. Now take the plastic hose and cut it into 4 piece. One piece is for draining, one is for sub reservoir, and two are to separate the sub

Psychology of Sexuality

Since the dawn of mankind, sexuality has played an enormous role in the complex social behaviors exhibited by our incredibly unique species. Sex contributes not only to reproduction, but also to relationships between people, cultural norms, and mental health. There are many important factors that contribute to sexuality; one of the most important factors is sex differentiation.We can take this even further and look at reproductive anatomy and the differences between the male and female reproductive systems. Thus, this paper discusses the history of sex, male and female reproductive anatomy and physiology, and finally human sex differentiation. The history of sex is interesting especially because of the controversy over the length of the time span from whence it was recorded. John Gagnon argues that it was really the turn of the 19th century when sex research emerged.While many (if not all) of Sigmund Freud’s theories have been disproved by this point in time, he did hit on man y major ideas about sexuality and was one of the first people to really think and talk publicly about it, as well as Havelock Ellis. Freudian theories were extremely influential in shaping future theories and research, even throughout the late 20th century. Another important player was Alfred Kinsey, who built upon previous researchers and made note of the social changes around the 1950s, in turn affecting policy, general attitudes towards sex, and future research.Winston Ehrmann agreed that the history of sexuality is quite a short field in his work â€Å"Some Knowns and Unknowns in Research into Human Sex Behavior,† arguing that and while there has been documentation about sexual behavior throughout history, a more scientific approach to sex only really begun since the late 19th Century. However, I would contest that it’s a distinction based more on a social construct of what constitutes a scientific study in Western society.For example, ancient Indian literature of the Kama Sutra can be said to have treated sex as a science, giving practical advice about sex as well as showing the various positions in detailed paintings. There is also detailed historical evidence of homosexual behavior among men in Ancient Greece. While Ehrmann may not have considered these sources scientific, I would argue that for their respective time periods, they were as scientific as could be expected. In fact, we can’t really judge whether something was â€Å"scientific† since what we consider scientific in a modern Western sense may be completely different from their nderstanding of scientific back in the days of Ancient India or Greece. For a perspective of the history of sexuality from around the globe, we go back further in time and look at eighteenth century England, as well as ancient African Bushmen. Hera Cook writes an article â€Å"Sexuality and Contraception in Modern England: Doing the History of Reproductive Sexuality† in which she argue s that historians have ignored reproduction as a factor relevant to and influencing sexual mores and change. Pregnancy, and the resulting child, is not only a physical demand and economic cost, but a health risk.Effective contraception was not available and alternative sexual practices were not acceptable substitutes for vaginal intercourse. While I agree with most of her arguments, I would contest her claim that many historians dismiss reproduction as a factor of changes in sexuality. In fact, the next article â€Å"The Century of Sex: Gender, Bodies, and Sexuality in the Long Eighteenth Century† by Karen Harvey discusses sexuality in England during the 1700s and does consider the effects of reproduction.Harvey argues that prior to the Eighteenth century, men and women were â€Å"placed on a vertical, hierarchical axis, in which their bodies were seen as two comparable variants of one kind† in a sort of â€Å"one-sex model† based on the four humors of different qualities – cold and moist, which dominated women, and hot and dry, which dominated men (Harvey, 2002, p. 901). Furthermore, they thought of sex organs as simply the reverse of one another; a vagina was like an inside-out penis, the labia corresponded to the foreskin, etc.However, towards the eighteenth century, there was a shift in the understanding of bodies towards a two-sex model. Anatomical differences were stressed and their bodies were regarded as qualitatively distinct. While previously the female orgasm was previously thought to have importance for conception, it was ultimately deemed unnecessary. Women were reimagined from â€Å"lascivious and lustful creatures† to having no sexual needs whatsoever (Harvey, 2002, p. 903). Homosexuality was highly frowned upon and considered perverse and sodomy.On the other hand, a certain ancient African Bushmen tribe had a much more egalitarian view on sexual behavior and gender differences. Marc Epprecht discusses the hist ory of the zvidoma, the orginal inhabitants of Zimbabwe in his book â€Å"Hungochani: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa. † Epprecht notes that these ancient Bushmen were hunters and gatherers using Stone Age weapons and tools comprising a classless communitarian society with no concept of individual ownership or property. Decisions were made by group consensus, and this included females; uncommon for that time.While there was a clear gender division of labour, the zvidoma were closer to egalitarian than any other culture in ancient African history. Not only did they traditionally marry monogamously, but women could divorce relatively easily and retain rights to sexual autonomy. Depictions of women’s genitals in cave paintings suggest â€Å"a source of vital, mystical energy at least on par with men’s† (Epprecht, 2004, p. 25). Because of their limited geographical area as well as their method of hunting and gathering, they had to be c areful to avoid overpopulation.During times of hunger, they practiced sexual restraint and possibly infanticide. Furthermore, there is a rock painting at least 2000 years old depicting three males engaged in anal intercourse as well as two male couples, one embracing face to face and the other also engaging in anal sex with an overly large emphasized erect penis. There are not many paintings depicting sexual practice, but the relative scarcity of ones depicting homosexual practices as well as paintings with heterosexual sex suggest they were equally commonplace.While the history of sexuality gives us a good basis on which to study the psychology of sexuality, some would argue this basis is biased toward differentiation. Merry Wiesner-Hanks argues that women’s and gender history over the last few decades has spent too much time on divergence, making more and more complex categories of difference over sexual orientation, marital status, able-bodiedness, gender relations, etc. H owever, I argue that it is necessary to study these differences in order to properly ascertain similarities and relations between the sexes.First and foremost we will discuss the biological and anatomical differences between the genders, then later human sex differentiation in a broader, more psychological and social construct. Historically, fixing sexual types became popular in the eighteenth century, according to Londa Schiebinger in â€Å"The anatomy of difference: race and sex in eighteenth-century science. † It was a great age of classification. Just as natural historians flooded Europe with new strange flora and fauna from the New World, new cultures were being discovered in America.Thus they sought new and simple principles that would hold universally, and tried to define the genders. This set the stage for genders to be divided in an evolutionary context. Judith Lipton and David Barash posit in â€Å"Gender Gap: The Biology of Male-Female Differences,† that bio logical differences between men and women have a strong and direct correlation with evolution. They argue that we can look to other species to learn more about ourselves. Just as scientists look at E. Coli to study the replication of DNA, we can look at other living creatures and see our sex differences mirrored there within.However, Katarina Hamberg challenges that argument. She thinks that using sex differences seen in biological experiments on animals to explain gender differences in humans is ridiculous. I agree with her that this is completely unscientific. Gender differences as well as gender itself varies greatly between species. In fact, in many species the female is bigger than the male. Furthermore, she is often stronger and will sometimes consume the male after sex in order to give strength to her developing babies, as with many arachnids and some insects.Therefore we can hardly compare studies on animals to human sex differences, though we can certainly look at the diffe rences and ponder the implications. Hamberg also argues that throughout history, biological arguments have been used in order to legitimize a social gender order characterized by male supremacy. This is more problematic, for while men are physically stronger and bigger than women, they are certainly not more intelligent nor are they naturally more disposed to leadership. In fact, some studies have shown that women possess more of the skills necessary to lead well and do better academically.The male and female orgasms are an important biological distinction in a reproductive, evolutionary, and social context. In â€Å"Why Women Have Orgasms: An Evolutionary Analysis† by David Puts, Khytam Dawood and Lisa Welling, the evolutionary adaptation of the female orgasm and its purpose is discussed. There are two possible likely hypotheses; firstly the mate-choice hypothesis which holds that female orgasm has â€Å"evolved to function in mate selection† and secondly the byproduc t hypothesis which asserts that the female orgasm in fact has no evolutionary purpose and rather exists because women and men share early ontogeny with men.They found the first hypothesis to be more likely, which seems the case to me as well. Another article â€Å"Women Who Prefer Longer Penises Are More Likely to Have Vaginal Orgasms (but Not Clitoral Orgasms)† discussed vaginal versus clitoral orgasms and the evolutionary implications. Their method was to have over three hundred women report in an online survey; however, people may not always be truthful in surveys, especially those discussing sensitive matters like sex, therein lies a possible problem with their study.They were able to find a positive association between likelihood of orgasm with a longer penis and vaginal orgasm frequency. Finally â€Å"Human Sperm Competition† discussed the concept of sperm competition, the competitive process between spermatozoa of two or more different males to fertilize an egg of a lone female. They were looking into the claim that sperm competition has an effect on mate selection in humans. This study also involved the use of a survey with approximately 400 men and women. The results of the survey showed that sperm competition was most likely not a huge factor in mate selection.On the other hand, perhaps this is something that evolved recently since nowadays there are many options for couples who have trouble conceiving such as adoption, artificial insemination, use of surrogates, etc. thus the ability to conceive a child naturally is not as important in mate selection now as it may have been earlier in human evolution. Contributing to sex differences such as these is different concentrations of steroids and hormones delivered to the fetus, which can have lasting effects throughout a person’s life.After looking at sex differentiation in a biological context, we must consider how and why females and males differ in behavior, psychology, genetics, a nd pathology? Certainly, it has long been posited that there is a divide in spatial abilities. Patricia Gilmartin and Jeffrey Patton assess this in â€Å"Comparing the Sexes on Spatial Abilities: Map-Use Skills. † They suggest that males are more proficient than females in many types of spatial tasks. Furthermore, they found these differences were greater in childhood, especially in relation to maps, geography, and navigation based tasks.Among college students, these differences in map-use and navigation were negligible. I would have liked to see them look into the concept of men preferring not to ask for directions or use a GPS to navigate – a long standing gender joke, but possibly true. Certainly this has proved true in my experience driving with my male family members and friends. However, I would posit that it varies culturally, for example in respect to Japanese people who don’t have this social construct of men not asking for directions. Another dimension on which genders vary is leadership.Cheryl de la Rey argues in â€Å"Gender, Women and Leadership† that the question is not only whether genders vary in leadership ability and skills, but whether they vary in leadership styles as well. These differences in leadership style, she posits, are not reducible to biological differences, nor can they be adequately explained by socialization and sex roles. Rather, it’s about how gendered behaviors become more dominant within organizational contexts that are masculinized. This leads to the hindrance of women’s access to leadership positions via discrimination and stereotyping.Part of the problem is that people need mentors to move up in the business world, but since most of the people in high ranking positions are men, and close relationships between men and women in the workplace may be frowned up, it can be hard for a woman to find a mentor. Sebastian Schuh notes that women are still underrepresented in leadership role s, but he has different ideas about why. He thinks it’s because women consistently report lower power motivation than men. While this may be a piece of the puzzle, I don’t think he addresses the full picture very well.In addition to differences in leadership, men and women vary on the axis of sexuality and attitudes towards sex. Jennifer Petersen and Janet Hyde’s meta-analysis on research of gender differences revealed that although men indicated somewhat more sexual experience and permissive attitudes, there were exceedingly minimal gender differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors. Furthermore, these differences decreased with age. However, I think he glosses over many of differences. There are subtleties to it that must be considered.In â€Å"The Orthodox View of Brain Sexual Differentiation† Marc Breedlove, Bradley Cooke, and Cynthia Jordan discuss how the standard view of sexual differentiation of the brain, which is chiefly resulting from work wi th mammals, oversimplifies a vastly complex process of mechanisms derived through natural selection. The spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) plays an important role in all this with a complex system. It was interesting to see how social factors could take an effect and how plastic and ever-evolving this system could be.One thing is clear from this reading; this SNB system is more multifaceted than previously thought and may be changing well into adulthood. As far as gender differences in aggression, I was not surprised to learn that men are more likely to be engaged in violence than women. Both from personal experience and cultural norms, that seems to fit the model. However, it was interesting to learn that the primary reason for male aggression is mate competition. From a personal standpoint, I don’t find a violent man liable to get into fights more attractive.I’ve certainly seen the type more than once at a bar, or on the streets, and my first instinct is to remove myself from his company and immediate area. On the contrary, that would be a shortcoming. However, from an evolutionary perspective it makes more sense as to protection and fighting for territory. Though there has been much study on the history of sex, biological and anatomical sex differences and social, sexual, and psychological implications of gender differences, psychology of sexuality is a field that is ever-growing and expanding as studies become more daring and social constructs allow for more experimentation and study.Hopefully in the next century, we will see new research leading to greater understanding of gender and sex. References Ainsworth, S. E. , & Maner, J. K. (2012). Sex begets violence: Mating motives, social dominance, and physical aggression in men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 819-829. Barash, D. P. , & Lipton, J. E. (2002). Gender gap: the biology of male-female differences. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Breedlove, M. , Cooke, B. M. , & Jordan, C. L. (1999). The orthodox view of brain sexual differentiation. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution, 54, 8-14. Cook, H. 2007). Sexuality and Contraception in Modern England: Doing the History of Reproductive Sexuality. Journal of Social History, 40(4), 915-932. Costa, R. M. , Miller, G. F. , & Brody, S. (2012). Women who prefer longer penises are more likely to have vaginal orgasms (but not clitoral orgasms): Implications for an evolutionary theory of vaginal orgasm. International Society for Sexual Medicine, 9, 3079-3088. La Rey, C. D. (2005). Gender, women, and leadership. Agenda, 65, 4-11. Ehrmann, W. (1957). Some knowns and unknowns in research into human sex behavior. Marriage and Family Living, 1, 16-24.Epprecht, M. (2004). 1. Hungochani: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa (pp. 25-49). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Gagnon, J. H. (1975). Sex research and social change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 4(2), 111-141. Gilmar tin, P. P. , ; Patton, J. C. (1984). Comparing the sexes on spatial abilities: map-use skills. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74(4), 605-619. Hamberg, K. (2005). Biology, Gender and Behaviour. A Critical Discussion of the Biological Models used for Explaining Cognitive and Behavioural Gender Differences .Psychology of Gender Identity (pp. 127-144). Social Science: Nova Publishers. Harvey, K. (2002). The century of sex? Gender, bodies, and sexuality in the long eighteenth century. The Historical Journal, 45(4), 899-916. Petersen, J. L. , ; Hyde, J. S. (2010). A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 21-38. Puts, D. A. , Dawood, K. , ; Welling, L. L. (2012). Why women have orgasms: an evolutionary analysis. Arch Sex Behavior, 41, 1127-1143. Schiebinger, L. (1990).The anatomy of difference: race and sex in eighteenth-century science. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 23(4), 387-405. Schuh, S. (2013). Gender dif ferences in leadership role occupancy : The mediating role of power motivation. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(517), 34-78. Simmons, L. W. , Firman, R. C. , Rhones, G. , ; Peters, M. (2004). Human sperm competition: testis size, sperm production and rates of extrapair copulations. Animal Behavior, 68, 297-302. Wiesner-Hanks, M. (2007). World history and the history of women, gender, and sexuality. Journal of World History, 18(1), 53-67.

Should Firms Encourage The Environment And Support The...

Should firms try to meet the expectations to enhance the the environment and support the community and still meet the financial interest of the shareholders or are they just to focus on the profits of a firm? Consumers and society believe that the firm hold a Corporate Social Responsibility to use their resources to benefit society. Then there are others that feel like the firms have already met their social responsible by providing the community with job and tax revenue that they did not have before. It is very easy to see both sides and argue either way. This debate begun in 1932 with opposing articles (Dodd 1932; Berle 1932) in a Harvard Law Review symposium on â€Å"For Whom Are Corporate Managers Trustees?’ (Reinhardt, F., Stavins, R., Vietor, R, 2016). Those that argue for CSR often refer to the Triple Bottom Line, which is the notion that companies need to maintain and improve on the ecological and social performance in addition to the economic performance (Parnell, 2014). In other words, they feel that the firms should just not be about profit, that they should think about the society and surroundings. Firms must therefore consider the impacts of their actions on affected stakeholders. Those against CSR may argue that if you participate in CSR that are you stealing from shareholder’ monies. The argument against CSR is supported by well-known quote found in Milton Friedman’s 1970 New York Times Magazine article reads as follows: â€Å"[The responsibility of aShow MoreRelatedStarbucks as a Morally Responsible Company1420 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks as a Morally Responsible Company: Starbucks Coffee Company is an American coffee firm that operates globally and headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Currently, Starbucks Coffee Company is the largest coffeehouse firm across the globe with over 20,000 chain stores in more than 60 countries. 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Exploring the Concept of Satire in A Modest Proposal by...

â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift, and â€Å"Top of the Food Chain† by T. Coraghessan Boyle, both are short stories that explore the concept of satire. Satire can be defined as a kind of writing that ridicules human weakness, vice, of folly in order to bring about social reform. It is a kind of writing to bring about change to society. Even though both are short stories, they easily get the faults of society across to its readers. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Swift is offering an outrageous solution to the problems of human misery. He proposes that people should start eating babies, and using them for everything that they are worth on a daily basis. Swift creates a pamphlet and states six reasons as to why this is a brilliant idea. He states that money wouldn’t be wasted on food, the number of Catholics would be reduced, it would be great inducement to marriages, there would be more food so the economy would increase, poor tenants would have money for their landlords, and it would be an improvement for the tavern business. Swift wants everyone to know how badly the Irish people are being treated by the English. He wants to change the reader’s point of view through this sarcastic satirical pamphlet. The authors’ purpose of â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† is to try to change society. Swift is trying to reform the British official’s involvement in Ireland. People are dying, and nothing is being done about it. He is trying to shock readers with a twisted story, but also bring about change

A Dolls House Nora Perceived By Other Characters Essay

A Dolls House: Nora Perceived by Other Characters In the Victorian age many woman were thought of as mere objects. Most woman has no real social status and were not allowed to express themselves freely. A Dolls House, a play by Henrik Ibsen, has brought controversy to the conclusion in which Nora leaves her family. Nora perceived in many different ways is the catalyst that forces Nora to leave her family. Many people had found it difficult to understand how Nora could dessert her husband and children. In the Victorian Age it was not only unheard of to walk out on your loved ones but unethical as well. There are many incidents that inch by inch helps Nora come to the conclusion that she must leave her home and family. As†¦show more content†¦Christine tries to point out to Nora that there are more important things in life to worry about besides money. quot;Christine, a woman who has been forced to live in a hard world starts out patronizing Noraquot; (Rogers 83). She believes Nora is living in a dream world, one that nothing can go wrong, instead of living in the real world where everything is not always so perfect. Christine understands that Nora has led a sheltered life for she was always taken care of, first by her husband and then by Torvald. Nora has never had her freedom like Christine; she always depended upon someone else. Christine on the other hand never really had life easy. quot;She had to marry a man she did not love for the sake of money - in other words she too had her doll housequot; (Hornby 99). For most of her life, Christine was responsible for someone. She never had the luxury of depending upon anyone and therefore became more cynical of the world. As Christine gets better acquainted with Nora she begins to realize that Nora is not what she seems; Instead her true inner feelings and thoughts are smothered by Torvalds domineering views. 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Family and Domestic Violence Strategy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Family and Domestic Violence Strategy 2016-2019. Answer: Overview of the Policy Domestic violence is conducting violence, threatening or an intended to cause the family or the members of the house to be fearful. It includes physical violence, sexual abuse, financial abuse, emotional abuse, stalking, deprivation of liberty, serious negligence towards dependencies, and damage to property, verbal abuse, cultural abuse, spiritual abuse and exposing a child to these behaviours (Mulayim, Jackson Lai, 2016). In 2011, council of Australian Government endorsed The National Plan to reduce violence against Women and their children 2010-2022 to acknowledge that further action was required urgently in three identified fields. Those are: National Domestic Violence Order of DVO national law model Maintaining the national standard to ensure the guilt in violence should get the same standard judgement across the nation. New strategies to keep women safe from cyber-abuse. The department of human services is responsible for delivering all the health, social and welfare services and organises campaigns for the government of Australia. Their vision is to excellence in the provision of government services to every Australian and mission is to connect all the Australians to the services they need which they outlined in their strategic plan for 2015-2019 along with four other strategic themes to underpin their activities (Ogbo et al., 2017). Those are to support the ministries and the government in reducing violence ensuring support for the people, enhancing the capabilities of the staffs to provide the best services to the people, working with the government and nongovernment stakeholders to support people struggling with family and domestic violence, to develop innovative approach to improve and transform services and systems. The term family and domestic violence has been used in this case because of the reason that violent behaviours are not necessarily limited to the family members connected by marriage, instead they can also include current or past relationship where people were dating or living together, relationship involving carers where care is provided to older peoples (Hunter et al., 2016). Family and domestic violence can affect people belonging to any background, but in researches, it is found that some groups or individuals are more vulnerable that includes Torres Strait Islander Australians, women culturally and linguistically from diverse backgrounds especially immigrants, people with disabilities and belonging to the LGBT community. The department will always protect the privacy of the victims who have disclosed domestic violence issues. This strategy is inclusive of five principles. Principle 1: Family and aggressive behaviour at home are never worthy - Family and abusive behaviour at home is inadmissible in any shape. Our first need when reacting to influenced clients and staff will be their security and prosperity (Lundqvist, 2016). We will give a steady administration condition to customers and a protected working environment for staff who have been influenced by family and aggressive behaviour at home. Principle 2: We abstain from setting fault - The obligation regarding family or aggressive behaviour at home dependably lies with the individual who utilises savagery. We will refrain from placing fault or a heavy weight of verification on the person influenced by family and abusive behaviour at home. Principle 3: We react consciously - Family and abusive behaviour at home is horrible and sabotaging and can be hard to unveil. We will respond with deference and affect an ability to clients and staff influenced by family and abusive behaviour at home and will enable them to settle on educated choices to free of pressure. Principle 4: We offer help - We will keep on building the attitudes of staff to perceive and react to family and abusive behaviour at home. We will provide support to clients influenced by family and aggressive behaviour at home, regardless of whether they are in danger of, encountering or individuals who utilise viciousness. We will bolster contrasts, including sex, sexuality, culture, age, capacity and foundation. Principle 5: We work cooperatively - We will work cooperatively with government and non-government segments and will share our way to deal with decrease the effect of family and abusive behaviour at home. Effect of the Policy Majority of the people would think positively about domestic violence strategy and agree that it violence in any form is not acceptable. Rather, they should get punishments for this kind of behaviour according to the law and it is fair concerning the mental and emotional health of the victim and well upbringing of the children with protection from the abusive partners (Ranstorp et al., 2016). Gender discrimination is the main reason behind domestic violence where in most cases males tends to believe they are superior than females and thus they suppresses the voice of the women. The problems and difficulties that make a man depressed or spark the anger and they take revenge for those small thinks by mistreating their women thinking that they are weak. Dealing with diverse group of people was the biggest challenge before implementation of this law. However, the law succeeded to reach the diverse group of people through its dedicated channels. Now, availability of help in a range of different languages developed a new national platform where people who were detached from the mainstream society received the help that they needed. People of the Torres Strait Island who were linguistically and culturally different from other Australians got support also in the remote locations, earlier who were absolutely left behind. Implementation of these strict rules to protect the victims also reduced the number of crimes targeting women or olds at some point. Regularly engagement with the local people and national community support helped the victims to get assistance quickly like never before (Othman, Goddard Piterman, 2014). Domestic Violence when tends to take place for a long period of time it badly affect the victims mental health too, also it causes negative changes in behaviour of the victims, Whereas this support system helped the victims to deal with situation along with rehabilitate them for their future. Along them all the positive changes that this strategy made, there are some loopholes remained within this law. The more powerfully it condemns and takes action against when women and old are the target of the violence (Fisher, 2013). However, men are also prone to face the violence from their other counterpart that is not given more concern in this case. Misuse of this law is also another negative effect in this case where in some case it is seen that women filed wrong accusation on men when they are not satisfied with their behaviour or something that they want (Lundqvist, 2016). When the men do not accept or agree with the women in any important matter that is related to the future of the women, the women tend to misuse this law to get benefits out of it. There are some negative and positive effects of this strategy, one of the most positive changes that it made in the society is that earlier the victims could not share their problems publicly for getting the desired solution, but now seeing one people raising voice against the violence others also get the emotional courage to raise their voice against whatever being happened with them. Problems, issues, benefits of the policy The problem regarding this strategy is that it more effectively condemns domestic violence and provides support for the victims to deal with the situation. In addition, making a better peaceful future for them but it does not give much effort on how the person who is the guilt in the violence should be treated or what punishment should be given to them (Roberts, Chamberlain Delfabbro, 2015). Different ethnic groups living in Australia are also getting benefits from this strategy but where the ratio of violence is at its height there no action is being taken or those societies are not given any support to improve their mentality, as long as people does not change their mentality violence is not going to decrease (Fisher, 2013). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women experience both far higher rates and more severe forms of family violence compared to other women (Lundqvist, 2016). Acknowledge that family savagery is not a common part of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander societies. Family savagery is a major issue for some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people group around the country. Native and Torres Strait Islander individuals are in the vicinity of two and five times more probable than different Australians to encounter brutality as casualties are or guilty parties are. Native and Torres Strait Islander ladies are five times as liable to endure physical manhandle, and three times as prone to encounter sexual savagery, at that point other Australian women in the earlier year. Native and Torres Strait Islander women are 35 times more likely to be hospitalised because of family viciousness related strikes than other Australian women (Goodey, 2017). As per the Australian Productivity Commission, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ladies are twice as liable to bite the dust as a result of family brutality contrasted with other Australian women. Family viciousness is a noteworthy supporter of kids being expelled from their families. Native and Torres Strait Islander children are more than nine times as prone to be on care and assurance requests and ten times more inclined to be in out of home care than non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youngsters (Jones, 2016). Without intercession, the cost of brutality executed against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ladies is assessed to be $2.2 billion out of 2021-22, incorporating costs related with torment, enduring, sudden passing and well-being costs. Family brutality is an altogether under-revealed wrongdoing. Native and Torres Strait Islander women have brought down announcing rates than non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women have and are known to confront appropriate and extra boundaries to detailing (Schnetler, 2015). Native and Torres Strait Islander women are five times more inclined to be casualties of manslaughter than other Australian women are. More than half (55%) of these murders are related to family violence. Critical reception response The Queensland Government is additionally making a move to end political and family savagery using the methodologies by the administration of Australia. The Domestic and Family Violence Prevention Strategy 2016-2019 is a vehicle to drive change over all segments of the Queensland people group (Stubbs and Wangmann, 2017). It sets the direction for collaborative action to end domestic and family violence in Queensland, encouraging partnerships between the government, community and business. The Strategy outlines a shared vision and a set of principles to guide action across the administration and the community, including a staged 10-year plan on how we will get there. Our reforms, outlined in the Strategy, will recognise the victims perspective, prioritise their safety, and reduce the onus on them to take action or leave their home (Walby et al., 2017). We will focus on educating frontline professionals to help them recognise and respond to domestic and family violence, creating safe communities and workplaces that support victims, providing efficient services that efficiently wrap around the victim, and ensuring our legal system supports victims and holds perpetrators to account (Wendt, Chung Elder, 2015). The Strategy also continues to build on the productive work already being done by the community services sector to address domestic and family violence. It covers a three year period from July 2016 to June 2019, continuing the essential work of implementing the recommendations of the landmark Not Now, Not Ever: Putting an end to domestic and family violence in Queensland report (Dural, 2016). The next three years will see enhanced action through new signature initiatives that will form the foundation for transformation. This includes the roll out of specialist domestic and family violence courts, integrated service responses with specialist teams to prioritise victims and their safety, and cultural transformation through communication and engagement program to help change attitudes and behaviours of Queenslanders toward domestic and family violence (Costa et al., 2015). The Queensland Government has demonstrated its commitment to this second action plan, announcing in the 2016-17 Budget a record $198.2 million over five years to tackle domestic and family in Queensland. This conveys add up to subsidising to date to execute the admini stration's reaction to the Not Now, Not Ever answer to $233.8 million more than five years. Current position on the policy The year 2017 saw the development of government's financial plan for the family and aggressive behaviour at home to bring activities and manage the issue consistently. Although for several year the federal government of Australia was negligent towards funding in this issue more seriously but now the national housing and homeless agreement will secure the long term funding for womens refuge that will begin in 2018 (Cooke, 2017). Along with that the government also supported announcing comprehensive review of the family law system to make sure that domestic violence perpetrators are no given right to do cross-questioning on their victims in their family court. It is better to be understood that this will now be legislated and specialist units will be set up in the family court, these are victories for victims escaping violence. On the other hand, funding is also done to increase support and provide legal services for the groups who are most at the risk. The national leaders has always said that family violence is a national emergency but they have not invested much that was needed for the victims. According to the experts, an urgent injection of four billion dollar is required to deal with this most vital crisis (Chappell Curtin, 2013). A continuing fight is needed to keep the family violence on the national level agenda so that the maximum supports services are taken from the global audience that will ensure safety for all people who will be able to stay safe escaping the danger from their home References Chappell, L., Curtin, J. (2013). Does federalism matter? Evaluating state architecture and family and domestic violence policy in Australia and New Zealand.Publius: The Journal of Federalism,43(1), 24-43. Cooke, L. (2017). Pathology of Patriarchy and Family Inequalities. Costa, B. M., Kaestle, C. E., Walker, A., Curtis, A., Day, A., Toumbourou, J. W., Miller, P. (2015). Longitudinal predictors of domestic violence perpetration and victimization: A systematic review.Aggression and violent behavior,24, 261-272. Dural, S. (2016).The violence against women policy of the AKP government and the diyanet(Master's thesis). Fisher, C. (2013). Changed and changing gender and family roles and domestic violence in African refugee background communities post-settlement in Perth, Australia.Violence Against Women,19(7), 833-847. Goodey, J. (2017). Violence Against Women: Placing Evidence From a European UnionWide Survey in a Policy Context.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,32(12), 1760-1791. Hunter, T., Botfield, J. R., Estoesta, J., Markham, P., Robertson, S., McGeechan, K. (2016). Experience of domestic violence routine screening in Family Planning NSW clinics.Sexual health,14(2), 155-163. Jones, I. (2016). De-escalating Interventions for Troubled Adolescents. Lundqvist, E. (2016). Intervening Religious and Cultural Based Violence Against Children in Indonesia: A Theortical Analysis. Mulayim, S., Jackson, M., Lai, M. (2016). 10 Domestic violence in Australia.Domestic Violence in International Context,27, 165. Ogbo, F. A., Eastwood, J., Page, A., Arora, A., McKenzie, A., Jalaludin, B., ... Chaves, K. (2017). Prevalence and determinants of cessation of exclusive breastfeeding in the early postnatal period in Sydney, Australia.International breastfeeding journal,12(1), 16. Othman, S., Goddard, C., Piterman, L. (2014). Victims barriers to discussing domestic violence in clinical consultations: A qualitative enquiry.Journal of interpersonal violence,29(8), 1497-1513. Ranstorp, M., Gustafsson, L., Hyllengren, P., Ahlin, F. (2016). Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism. Roberts, D., Chamberlain, P., Delfabbro, P. (2015). Women's experiences of the processes associated with the family court of Australia in the context of domestic violence: A thematic analysis.Psychiatry, Psychology and Law,22(4), 599-615. Schnetler, J. (2015). Strategic direction of the Criminal Justice System 2015-2019: summation of official strategic documentation.Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology,2015(Special Edition 4), 8-21. Stubbs, J., Wangmann, J. (2017). Australian Perspectives on Domestic Violence. InGlobal Responses to Domestic Violence(pp. 167-188). Springer, Cham. Walby, S., Towers, J., Balderston, S., Corradi, C., Francis, B., Heiskanen, M., ... Stckl, H. (2017).The concept and measurement of violence against women and men(p. 192). Policy Press. Wendt, S., Chung, D., Elder, A. (2015). Understanding the effect of social and geographical isolation on women's ability to seek help following domestic and family violence: A research project.Parity,28(9), 75.